Causal inference is a field of research in statistics and epidemiology that seeks to understand the causal relationships between variables. Researchers in this field use various statistical methods to determine whether a particular variable is causing changes in another variable, or if the observed relationship is simply due to chance or another factor. Causal inference is important in determining the effectiveness of interventions, policies, and treatments, and can help to inform decision-making in a wide range of fields, including public health, economics, and social sciences.